Instances of cyber-attacks have been on the rise.

The need to educate yourself on cybersecurity has never been greater. That said, only 20.7% of websites use HTTP Strict Transport Security even today. The majority of websites remain vulnerable to a range of cyber-attacks, such as a man-in-the-middle (MITM) attack.

MITM attacks allow perpetrators to eavesdrop (listen secretly) on the communication between a user and an application while making it look as though the communication is proceeding as it should. The objective of a MITM attack is to collect valuable information, which may include your passwords, pin or credit card details. Your information may be used for a range of illegal activities, such as initiating unauthorized fund transfers and identity theft.

How Does a Man-in-the-Middle Attack Work?

Whenever you want to open a webpage, you enter a URL and press Enter. However, a set of other processes occur on the backend whenever you initiate this process. During this process, your device sends an instruction to the website’s server via your router, and the server responds with relevant information and sends it to your device through the router.

This process allows MITM attackers to steal your information. In some cases, the attackers may even be able to manipulate the information. For instance, the attacker may redirect you to another web page created to collect your information.

Public Wi-Fi is more vulnerable to MITM attacks than your home router. An open network is inherently less secure because it needs to allow access for everybody in its range, unlike your home router that restricts access only to a few authorized users. see How Hackers Use Public Wi-Fi To Steal Your Information

So, how do MITM attackers use public Wi-Fi to their advantage?

Attackers use networks tools to scan for known flaws and vulnerabilities to find ways of compromising the target's router. The attacker then tries to intercept and decrypt the data being transmitted on the network. There are a couple of ways to do this. Sniffing, for instance, involves the deployment of tools to inspect packets and extract information from unencrypted data.

See The Most Common Tricks Hackers Use to Hack Passwords

Types of Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

There are more than one way for an attacker to have access of your device’s control. Following are the most common types of MITM attacks.

#1. IP Spoofing

All devices connect to the internet using an internet protocol (IP) address. Think of an IP address as something similar to the block number for your home address. An attacker could spoof an IP address and make you think as though you’re communicating with a website or a person, allowing them to intercept your data.

see See The Most Common Tricks Hackers Use to Hack Passwords

#2. DNS Spoofing

DNS (Domain Name Server) spoofing involves altering a website’s record within a DNS. This leads the user to a fake website. Not realizing this, the user interacts with the website as they normally would, and the attacker tries to collect the login credentials in the process.

#3. Wi-Fi eavesdropping

Attackers can set up a fake Wi-Fi network and give the network a name that looks legitimate, perhaps a name of a nearby store. When someone connects to the network, the attacker monitors the user’s activity to intercept credit card information, passwords, and other valuable information.

#4. Email Hijacking

Cybercriminals can sometimes gain access to a bank or financial institution’s email address. The attackers monitor a customer’s transactions and then spoof the bank’s email address to send a set of instructions. When the user follows these instructions, they’re essentially handing over their banking information to the attacker.

#5. HTTPS Spoofing

HTTPS (and not HTTP) is a hallmark of a secure website. A keylock symbol comes before a HTTPS website on the left of the website’s URL. HTTPS establishes an encrypted connection between you and the website’s server, which means it can’t be hijacked. However, attackers seem to have found a workaround for this.

They create another identical website with a slight modification in the URL. For instance, they could replace a letter in the original domain name with a character from the Cyrillic alphabet or other non-ASCII characters. When a user tries to visit a genuine website via a link, the attacker’s bogus website collects data from the user.

Best Practices for Preventing Man-in-the-Middle Attacks

You may feel discouraged to use public Wi-Fi altogether, given the risk of a cyberattack. In all fairness, that isn’t a bad idea. As long as you have access to cellular data, you don’t need public Wi-Fi. If you need internet access on your laptop, create a hotspot. Just be sure to use appropriate security protocols so nobody can gain unauthorized access to your network.

However, if cellular data isn’t an option, and you must connect to public Wi-Fi, there are a few things you can do to protect yourself.

#1. Trust only HTTPS websites

HTTPS websites make it difficult for attackers to intercept data by encrypting it. HTTPS websites are still prone to MITM attacks with techniques like HTTPS spoofing or SSL stripping, but you can protect yourself by staying alert.

For instance, manually enter a URL instead of using links. When the website opens, ensure that the URL begins with “https://” and has a lock icon on the left of the URL bar. If an attacker did redirect you to a different website, you’ll at least know that you’re on an untrustworthy website.

#2. Use a VPN

A VPN (a virtual private network) offers a range of security benefits, including IP masking and strong encryption. While MITM attackers can still find ways to intercept data, a VPN can make things very difficult for them. Instead of putting in the extra effort, they are more likely to search for easier targets. Some browsers like operamini offers free VPN Services which can also protect you from MITM attacks.

#3. Strong encryption and login credentials on your router

Using a strong encryption mechanism such as WPA2(AES) on your router prevents unauthorized access. Old router protocols like WEP make your router vulnerable to security threats. For instance, criminals could brute force their way into your router to execute a MITM attack.

In addition to strong encryption, you should also use strong passwords across the board. A strong password for accessing your router’s firmware is just as important as using a strong password for your Wi-Fi network.

If you use the manufacturer’s default login credentials for your router, you’re making it easy for an attacker to gain access this is because the they will attempt to have access with the default password of your device. Once they have access, they could change the DNS servers or infect your router to execute MITM attacks.

#4. Stay vigilant against phishing attacks

A criminal could send you a fake email from your bank requesting you to “reactivate” your account or send a bogus invoice. When you use the link in the email, you may be prompted to enter sensitive information that will ultimately reach the attacker.

Fortunately, with a little vigilance, you can steer clear of phishing attacks. Always avoid opening attachments from suspicious emails and never enter your personal information on pop-up screens. Install a phishing filter on your browser and email applications to screen webpages as you open them.

Don’t let anyone Get in the Middle.

Man-in-the-middle attacks can happen to anyone, but with a little caution, you can thwart a criminal’s attempt to steal sensitive information. You don’t need to be a cybersecurity expert to stay safe online. Educating yourself about the best practices for staying on guard while you’re online goes a long way in keeping cybercriminals away.